Child Observation Guidelines

Child Observation Guidelines Before an assessment of a child can take place to plan their learning and development, we need to observe them. Observation is vital for early years practitioners to find out what stage a child is currently at, what their needs are and what interests them. You can learn a lot about the children you work with simply by stepping back and watching them. This may at first seem to be a waste of time, but if you study the children, you are going to be more likely to meet their needs. Childcare workers automatically watch the children in their care they want to know that the children are safe, happy, healthy and developing well. Watching or observing closely can often reassure them that everything is alright but may also alert them to problems or illness. Any discussion about a child usually relates what has been seen , heard or experienced and leads to conclusions about personality , likes , and dislikes etc. anyone who works with children needs to develop the skill of observing them (some times to be written/recorded to check that a child is: Safe not in any danger from the environment, from themselves or others. Contented there are many reasons a child might be miserable , some may relate to physical comfort ( e.g. wet nappy , hunger , thirsty) or emotional discomfort (e.g. main carer is absent, or comfort object lost ) or lack of attention or stimulation. Healthy eats and sleeps well and is physically active (concerns about this may indicate that they are unwell) Developing normally in line with general expectations for his/her age in all areas, there will be individual differences but delays in any e.g. crawling/walking or speaking may show a need for careful monitoring and perhaps specialist help. Any particular strength or talent may also be identified and encouraged. observing is one of the most important daily aspects involved in childcare without observation the overall planning and assessment in the setting will be affected. Early years practitioners need to base their planning on their observations so without observations we cannot be entirely sure that overall planning will meet their needs. By carefully observing the children we can learn their needs and know when they are ready to move on to the next stage. By adapting experiences, routines and activities to include things that are particularly important to every individual child we can build on their attention span and curiosity. Likewise we can use observation to pinpoint areas where a child needs additional help. There are 5 main skills associated with effective observation. Looking we need to look at our children and analyse what they are doing and what responses to give in certain situations. Listening it is vital we pay attention to the children and listen to how they interact with both children and adults. Recording we should accurately record any important things in which we have observed. Thinking we must use our observations to think how to plan effectively for each child and maybe involve the childs parents for activity planning. Questioning sometimes our observations need to be clarified, confirmed or rejected. If the child is at an age to respond to questions you should involve them directly. Do not let preconceived ideas or assumptions cloud our observations, they must be done with an open mind and judgement of the child should not affect the way an observation is carried out. For example observing children in a group and in the past one child has had difficulty in mixing with others , do not let your past assumptions hinder the observation as it will be pointless to carry out any observation if you have already decided the outcome. 4.2 Main ways in which observations can be recorded. There are many ways in which observations can be recorded , each have advantages and disadvantages and most early years practitioners need to be familiar with several of these . The most frequently used recording methods are written notes such as Free description (also known as narrative description or written record) this method records the behaviour of a child over a very short period of time, often less than 5 minutes. The observer notes down what they are seeing which gives a portrait of the childs activity during this time. Checklists and kick charts these are mostly used to assess the childs development, specific activities are looked for either during a structural assessment (i.e. where a child is asked to do activities) or by observing children over a period of time. Time sample this is used to look at childrens activity over a predetermined length of time for example, a morning. Children are observed at regular intervals during the recording, say every 10 minutes and the observation is recorded on a prepared sheet. Event sample this is mostly used to look at a childs one aspect of development or behaviour, such as how frequently a child sucks their thumb or shows aggression towards other children. Every time a child shows the type of behaviour or activity it is recorded on a prepared sheet. Target child this is used to record one activity over a long period without any gaps in the recording process. Several codes or signs are used during this process to allow the observer to maintain the recording. Some methods of observing children provide more information than other methods that give plenty of info are referred to as open methods. For more objectivity closed methods are useful. A checklist is an example of a closed method of recording. With all these methods available for use whilst observing it is important that you choose one to suit your purpose. For example the free description method is good for examining closely how a child achieves. Something, but it will not tell you about a childs general activity over a long period. Other ways in which an observation can be recorded or by taking photographs of a child doing certain activities and catching developmental milestones, permission is always needed by the childs parents to allow photographs to be taken and also to use a video camera which can used to record development milestones or just to record an activity which the children are involved in so the childs parents/carer can also see the child doing the activity or milesto ne, as some parents dont like to miss out on anything. Whichever method of recording is chosen to be used, all observations must contain sufficient information so that they are useful and that they are understood by anyone else who may need to look at them. 4.3 Analyse the 3 types of planning that can be used in early years settings The observation, assessment and planning cycle assists early years practitioners to collate effectively the information they have gathered and to plan what to do next. There are 3 types of planning. Long term long term ensures the early years practitioners cover all the areas of learning and development and the principles of the early years foundation framework, the first of these frameworks published in England is called birth to three matters , this framework was published by the department for education and skills in 2002 and is for use by all professionals who are involved in the delivery or planning of services for young children in England. The pack comprises of an introductory booklet, poster, video, cd-rom, and 16 a4 component cards relating to four areas or aspects that have been identified as necessary for the development of all children. Long term planning enables the early years practitioners to think about the key areas necessary for supporting babies and young children and encourages them to consider ways to balance the opportunities for supporting older children which will enable them to enjoy both free play and well planned adult activities which will stimulate and interest them, long term planning needs to take into account how you will plan activities to ensure a suitable balance between indoor and outdoor experiences and quiet and active times, and needs to ensure a broad and balanced curriculum. A long term plan should usually cover a 3 month period, a term or a year; it should provide a curriculum overview. It should be based on principles of good early years practice; it should review what children need to learn and how this will be implemented. All areas of learning should be considered and that it meets the development plan or school improvement plan (sip) as required by Ofsted, it should relate to all policies and procedures of the setting and ensure advance planning and consideration of specific activities (e.g. festivals or outings ). Medium term this should outline an overall program over say, one to two weeks. Medium term planning take into account the overall daily routine early years practitioners, such as feeding time , school runs, playgroups, outdoor play, quiet time sleep or rest time and individual interaction . medium term plans will need to be adjusted constantly because it will be influenced by the observations made of individual children it needs to include reviews of care routines, key worker relationships and the way the day is organised to offer play and experiences including the materials and physical resources; whilst observing children, getting to know them and their characters, you need to match observations to your medium term plans. The staff planning together should look at how to create a rich learning environment which links the long term plans to each child as an individual. The medium term plan should grow gradually and must be flexible, open to changes and moderations and all observati on profiles of all the children need to be looked at. Many early years settings now target particular children on particular days. This means each child is observed regular and the curriculum is planned in a differentiated way to cater for the interests and needs of individual children. Short term plan this includes the day to day activities, outings, resources specifically relating to the children in the setting on a daily or weekly basis. It is often helpful to use observations of the children from the previous day to enable to focus on their specific needs and to build on what they have learnt for example, the children might have asked to bake, you will need to consider ingredients and equipment will be necessary and how much time is needed to complete the task. 4.4 describe why planning is essential in the early years setting Planning is key to the effectiveness of any early years settings. Settings plan curriculum in many different ways, most find a way of planning which suits their needs, plans will also vary according to the objectives or areas of development /learning to be considered. Each child will need to be considered and observed in order to be provided with appropriate activities and experiences in the setting. Good planning is essential if practitioners are to make childrens learning effective, exciting, varied and above all progressive. Planning enables us to look at each child individually and build on our knowledge of them in order to see how they learn, what motivates them and how they make progress. Plans dont often need to be written down although recording things provides us with future reference which can be shared with others. Written plans allow us to look back so we can plan for the future.by doing this we can plan activities in which they are suitable for what we know they can alre ady achieve and build on their interests and experiences, for example by constructing a written plan to help a child recognise the no 1-20 we would be able to see at the end of the long term plan, The child knows the name of the numbers The child can recognise the numbers in a variety of contexts The child can write the numbers successfully If at the end of the long term plan the child as reached all the goals set for them, then you know your planning has been effective. Effective planning is challenging but it is essential, it is not always easy for practitioners working alone to carry out observations of individual children when they are responsible for the care and safety of others. Observations need to be carried out regular and not just at set times you should be observing the children in your care all the time and noting how they react to certain circumstances and everyday occurrences. Keep a diary handy to jot down anything which you observe which is of particular interest or information which may help you plans for your childs development. 4.5 critically explore the importance of assessments Whilst assessments need to be handled extremely sensitively it can be a way of recognising whether children need additional support or challenges. They are also used as a way of learning more about groups of children so that the curriculum can be adjusted to meet their interests and needs. It is also important to realise that assessing children is not an exact science and we should see any assessment as only a guide. Young children are ever changing and their development and interests reflect this; but assessments are extremely important and have many uses To review and check childrens overall development To extend childrens learning To support special needs To resolve a particular concern To evaluate activities and experiences To review childrens progress To share with other professionals To share information with parents To help with planning To evaluate routine strategies to gather all the information to assess a childs needed to be observed. Although a lot is learnt from simply spending time and observing assessing what you have observed will enable you to deepen your understanding of what you have seen. There are no set ways in which assessments need to be written, although the following points should be considered, The assessment should be based on what you have recorded The link between the childs actual stage of development and expected stage are noted Supported evidence should be provided Your assessment will help you collate this information so that it can be used in effective planning. For observation and planning and assessment to be effective they need to be carried out regularly, you need to get into the habit of observing children on a daily basis and assess the observations to enable you to plan the next stage for every child in your setting. Records need to be kept for each child (in a form of diary or scrapbook) and ways of extending on what they can already do to get to the next level need to be looked at. The more practice you have at observing, assessing and planning, the better you will become until it becomes second nature to you.

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing. In the book entitle â€Å"Amazing Grace† authored by Jonathan Kozol, the children were suffering under severe poverty based on the fact that their parent were very poor. According to Kozol’s writing, some of them were described as the .. †Poor of the poorest , poor by any standard.. † They were of mixed races according to him â€Å"two third are Hispanic, one third blacks† and of the total population he wrote â€Å" thirty-five percent children – more than 95 percent are poor people†.Most of them receive only the elementary education. Their parents could not train them up to high school level due to the fact that they were very poor. Kozol wrote â€Å"At the elementary school that server the neighbor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. only seven of the eight hundred do qualify for the free school launches.. †. How their character reflects the environment Due to the fact that their p arent were very poor and could not teach them good moral behavior so they grew up wild and behaved very uncontrollable and engaging in all criminal activities. Kozol reports: â€Å"..crack cocaine addiction and intravenous use of heroin which I have met here call â€Å"The niddle drug†¦Nearly 4000 heroin injections, many of whom are HIV –infected live here. † â€Å"Asthma is the common illness among the children†¦. † â€Å"Some of these houses are freezing in the winter. †. â€Å"Three more children and adults were shut dead in the living room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦Thirty minutes – a Minister and other Parishioner were shut dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kozol asked: â€Å"What is like for Children to grow up here? What do you think the world has done to them? † The answer to his first question is that the children were influenced by the environment they grew up.They grew up in poverty without sound education and the world does not car e about them. Therefore Kozo asked â€Å"What has the world do to them? † We shall now go over to answer some of those questions that are related to the question he asked in respect of the poor economic situation he found those children in his writing. â€Å"How does religion provide a frame work of stability for families in this neighborhood?. â€Å" (RS100/EVIL)Beefore we answer this question we should first of all answer this question which I feel forms the basis of religion. The question is â€Å"What rule does Ideology play in the suffering according to Kozol?†. To answer this question we must define the word â€Å"Ideology† this will give us a clue on exactly how it relates to the suffering children of Kozol’s writing. Let get the exact definition from the experts: â€Å"Ideology† â€Å"Could be defined as the mode of interaction between individuals† (RS-100/EVIL). One expert called â€Å"Max† wrote â€Å"†¦human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation†. Based on Max definition, we can understand that â€Å"ideology† is all about working for the goodness of the people and to co-operate with them in terms of need.Now we can answer the question of those suffering children in respect of the â€Å"ideology† concept. Based on this background, Kozol wrote â€Å"St Anne Church on St Anne Avenue is three blocks from the subway station. The children who came to this small Episcopal Church for food and comfort to play and the mothers and fathers who come here or pray†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now you can see the rule â€Å"Ideology† played in the life of those suffering children. They could find food and comfort including their fathers and mothers at St Anne’s church. Although the world generally do not care about them but the church cares.That is the real concept of â€Å"ideology †based on Max definition which states â€Å"human beings are concer ned about the good of the group – cooperation†. So the church which is a body of individuals could reach out with love to the suffering children. Within the church they received good moral teachings based on the principles of the Holy Bible and also to pray so that their lives could be transformed for a better society. â€Å"Religion as Protection Against Ideology† (RS100/Evil) The above statement gives us better understanding about the importance of religion to humanity which will play a key rule in times of need.â€Å"How does religion projects against ideology? † One answer states â€Å"It inspired religious people to always look for victims â€Å" Which means, religious people should search for victims and not victims to come to them although they could come to them just as the suffering children came to St Anne Church â€Å"for food and comfort† according to Kazol. But religious body should search for victims to help. â€Å"Are you going to celebrate the winner or looser? † (RS100/Evil). My answer is religious people should search for losers and not the winners. People in desperate situation and extreme poverty are losers who need help.They may be involved in natural disasters such as flooding, earthquake, fire disasters ect and they lost everything. In most cases, they could live in a very poor environment without access medical facilities, sound education, electricity and others. â€Å"If you develop a Preferential option for the poor then you are challenging your society to do something about them† (RS 100L/Evil). The small church at St. Anne has challenged other rich individuals and the government to do something for the poor masses in that region including those suffering under severe poverty throughout the United States.â€Å"The making of Ideology† (RS 100/Evil) According to Robert Nisbet – British Sociologist â€Å"-Coherency – Thoughts are connected to another in a way that m akes sense† While individuals such as church, philanthropic organizations, etc come with an idea to solve problems, other individuals could come up with same ideas that makes sense. Therefore it becomes a â€Å"coherent idea† due to the fact that that the thoughts of individuals have come into agreement that could go long way to solve human problems. â€Å"Relationship to Political Power† (RS 100/Evil).In the government circle, ideology plays a key rule due to the fact that people in the government are always thinking of how to solve problems which the citizens are passing through. As a result they could create out an agency which could reach out to the people facing such problem such as sending aids to disaster regions, epidemic etc. On the international level, governments, churches and other philanthropic organizations send aids to foreign countries to save lives of people who might have experienced natural disasters and even to refugees camps where there is an outbreak of civil war in a particular country.â€Å"Ideology Question† (RS 100L/Evil) â€Å"What is the mode of interaction between individual? † 1) Answer â€Å"Individuals in their natural state compete with each other for scare resources† 2) â€Å"If two individual are competing over access to some resources, they may kill each other in attempt to gain possession† As you can see, the second answer explains the first answer above. Take for example, the oil is a â€Å"scarce resource† due to the fact that it is not common in every nation. Consequently there are lot of conflicts going on in several parts of the world due its scarcity and high value.People kill each other in order to gain possession because it makes someone to get rich very quickly. But the Human beings are more valuable than the oil. The need to help the suffering people is scarce; only very few people could provide help like the church in Kozol writing. So it is very scarce to he lp the poor. Why is it so scarce to help human? The answer is that those who can help feel that they cannot have reward from those people they helped due to the fact that they are poor.But that of the oil, people fight for it and even kill themselves in order to gain access to it due to its value while the poor are not seen as valuable. Therefore the means to save the poor becomes a† scarce resource†. Amazing Grace (By Jonathan Kozol) Bill Gates Issues Call or Kinder Capitalism; (Wall Street Journal 24 Jan. 2008) Pres. Chavez to Help Poor in United States before Christmas (ThinKandask. com Nov. 2005 ) The poor in the usa call out for international help(Now Health 16 August, 2004) The Crime? Helping the Poor While Being Wealthy( A Alender Through About Editoral)

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay

Contemporary environmental ethics emerged as an academic discipline in the 1970’s, as nature was the focus of much of the nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy. † In the past thirty years society started the questioning and thinking of the relationship of human beings with the natural environment. This reflected an already widespread perception in the 1960’s that the twentieth century faced a population time bomb and a serious environmental crisis. The commercial farming practices impacted environmental and public health concerns. The chemicals used in farming on the crops are harmful and could cause health problems for society. This is an ethical issue when they know that harm can humans but making a profit comes first. On the other hand we now know that they are harmful and the government is trying to regulate the chemicals used. I believe it works in some instances but not with everyone. Discovered in 1968, by Stanford ecologist, Paul Eehrlich, warned that the growth of human population and viability of planetary life support systems are in trouble. Pollution is due to the overuse of our capacities. The government attempts to reach a common ground and change how areas are populated. They regulate what we build and how far apart we can. They also make wildlife preserves to protect animals from extension. They also make sure that protected trees are left and they also keep certain animal species protected. They are seeing the over population and starting to see that we need to do to keep our population free of overpopulation. In the past our society either turned a deaf eye or did not exactly know the consequences of what was happening in society. If we keep the idea and ethics in the environment we will make a huge change in society. Animal rights activist are concerned about the rights of animals. I do believe that animals should have rights to but I also feel that in rats and other rodents we need testing to help save some lives. If we did not use them then we would not find cures for cancer, aids and many other life threatening diseases. If we do not use animals then what do we use? In the past this was not a concern because it did not raise such an environmental ethical issue. Today we know more and many more people are concerned of what happens to them and why we are using animals. I feel that we should use animals instead of humans. Humans are also used in studies and things happen to them just like animals. I feel that this is not ethical. I know that sometimes they use a placebo and then a drug that could save a persons life. What if you were the one that got the placebo? Would that make you and your family feel good knowing that something could have saved your life? I was personally involved in an environmental ethical issue where I lived. It was a highly published case that really caused a lot of controversy in the news and with society. I lived off of Marlee, which was about a mile away from the area of contamination. The government did know that the chemicals were being dumped and covered up. After many years of covering it up, it came out in the news. It kind of reminded me of the movie with Julia Roberts Erin Brocovitch. Everyone was located and had meetings to discuss the health problems that the people that grew up along there had been experiencing. Myself being one of them, having cysts on my ovaries at 9 years of age. I knew so many people who died from cancer at an early age. I was friends with many people who had miscarriages. It was very bad time in our lives and devastating that the people had to suffer because someone wanted to save money. I can promise you one thing that the company paid a lot more after the fact then they would have if they disposed of the waste properly. I know that the peoples life expectancy in the neighborhood I lived in I only about 50-60 which is rater young. If our society would all do there part and not expect that is will just change itself we will live in an environmental ethical society. The new saying is† think green† and I have even been making sure not to print something unless absolutely needed. It is going to take an effort on al people not just some to change our society and make it a more environmental ethical place to live. Ruggiero, V. R. , (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues. McGraw Hill. Boston.

Edgar Allan Poes Writing Essay - 2378 Words

Often times, authors use specific instances from their lives to produce ideas for stories and incorporate them into his or her works. In the gothic times, dark, threatening, horrific, morbid, depressing, bizarre, bewildering, death and insane are just some words that best describe the popular type of literature at that time. One man’s name can summarize these words, Edgar Allan Poe. He is considered to be one of the greatest obscure American authors/poets whom many literary scholars still try to make heads or tails of. People throughout the history often wondered why Poe’s writings are so fantastically diverse and unusual, why his literary style is dark, and why he has so many supernatural connotations in each of his writings. He displays†¦show more content†¦Poe desires to forget the pain involves in losing someone who he values, yet he tends to preserve the memory of his loss such as his wife, Virginia. In his poem, â€Å"The Raven† taunts him, repeati ng Never more and â€Å"Nothing more† to his pleas reflecting the despair of his soul. In the first part of the poem, the narrator cherishes hope of getting contact with his lost lover, just like Poe wishes to see all his lost loved ones especially his wife. Then in the middle of the poem, the narrator asks, â€Å"Is there--is there balm in Gilead?--tell me--tell me I implore!/ Quoth the raven, Nevermore (Poe). The narrator asks the raven if there is balm in Gilead, or basically if Lenore exists in the afterlife. However, the raven rejects his supplications and repeats the word â€Å"nevermore,† which means that he will never see Lenore anymore. Furthermore, in the end of the poem, he ultimately realizes the finality of death. Writing â€Å"The Raven† influences Poe’s devastating experiences when his wife died, and his desire to see her in the afterlife. Poe uses his pen and paper to emote several troubling events in his life such as dealing with tuberculosis being the main reason for his loved ones’ untimely deaths. Tuberculosis greatly influenced Poe as he wrote the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death.† Tuberculosis becomes a threat to Poe’s society during those times because he lost hisShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poes Writing Style598 Words   |  2 PagesMaster of suspense and horror, Edgar Allan Poe is known for his Gothic writing style, as demonstrated in two of his well-known short stories, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† His style is created by his use of punctuation, sentence structure, word choice, imagery, and tone. First off, punctuation-wise, dashes, exclamation marks, semicolons, and commas are a favorite of Poe. 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